Abstract: With the first read of the Draft National Park Act in 2024, China′s national park legislation is advancing rapidly. Globally, the governance of indigenous peoples in national parks has evolved from exclusion to inclusion, while their value and active role in ecological conservation, cultural inheritance, and sustainable development has been gradually recognized. China′s original residents in national parks are characterized by large populations, diverse community types, complex land tenure and multi-stakeholder rights, weak infrastructure and pressing urgent improvement needs. They are also significantly influenced by traditional culture and ecological philosophy. The effectiveness of original resident governance is key to determining the success of the national park system. Based on a dialectical understanding of the relationship between ecological conservation, green development, and livelihood improvement, the rights, responsibilities, and rewards of original residents should be defined as "their rights as development and participation in decision-making, as well as the material and spiritual benefits they enjoy, under the premise of fulfilling ecological conservation responsibilities." Following the principles of clear articulation and equitable definition, this study proposes recommendations for fully expressing the rights, responsibilities, and rewards of original residents in the National Park Act: strengthening the principle of "conservation first and harmony between humanity and nature", clearly defining government responsibilities, improving mechanisms for multi-stakeholder inclusion, and ensuring the ongoing refinement and implementation of policies.