Abstract: Gastrochilus rantabunensis (Orchidaceae) is an endemic plant species to China with extremely small populations. The known populations are situated at the forest edges frequently affected by human disturbances and face severe threats from habitat fragmentation. Through systematic field surveys, this study delves into the habitat characteristics, epiphytic patterns and community structure of this species. The results indicate the presence of six populations in Xinning County and Huitong County, Hunan Province, with an estimated 700 individuals in total. However, the number of individuals varies significantly between populations. All populations are located near residential areas at the forest edges with limited distribution, and some habitats show signs of degradation. This species primarily grows as an epiphyte on Pistacia chinensis, with its distribution pattern significantly influenced by the host tree's deciduous nature and health status. There is a positive correlation between the epiphytic height and the host tree's height and diameter at breast height. Species similarity across communities is low, although they shared a certain number of common species. Notably, G. rantabunensis prefers forest edge habitats along ditches or streams, possibly reflecting its adaptation to specific local climate conditions. Moderate anthropogenic disturbance might help create suitable habitats, but continuous interference could have negative effects. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are proposed. Artificial propagation through cross-pollination combined with seed aseptic germination techniques to enhance genetic diversity and maintain population size and genotype diversity. With Pistacia chinensis as the main epiphytic host, forest edge habitats adjacent to water within national parks or nature reserves, which facilitate long-term monitoring, should be prioritized for ex situ conservation and reintroduction trials. It is suggested to establish a long-term monitoring system and systematically advance conservation efforts through protected areas, maintain habitat integrity, and engage in public education. This study not only provides practical guidance for constructing conservation areas focused on single-species protection, but also offers scientific references for developing ecological restoration strategies for other species with extremely small populations.