在国家公园社区建立民宿集群——中国台湾省金门国家公园民宿委托经营制度
Establishing community-based bed & breakfast clusters in national parks: institutional analysis of bed & breakfast outsourcing policy in Kinmen National Park in Taiwan, China
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摘要: 从国家公园管理视角, 研究民宿委托经营政策在满足游客住宿需求的前提下, 发挥乡村景观保护功能, 促进社区经济发展, 缓解国家公园抑制土地开发强度与居民期望之间的冲突。同时, 提供生态移民替代方案以适应我国国情, 兼顾国家公园内的游憩需求、照顾居民生计与培育生态旅游产业的政策目标。以中国台湾省金门国家公园为研究区, 其自设立以来, 针对传统建筑与村落的保存采取了重要政策;金门国家公园管理处鼓励居民把30年的建筑物使用权出让给管理处, 由管理处投入预算改造为民宿, 再把民宿以公开竞标的方式委托个人经营管理, 在国家公园社区内形成民宿集群。通过个人访谈与参与观察法, 采用追踪研究, 从2009年开始直接观察和访谈并延续至2024年。研究表明:(1)民宿可以作为一种有效的景观保存策略; (2)民宿可以缓解保护和发展的矛盾冲突; (3)民宿可以引进服务业领头人才; 4)民宿可以提升当地旅游接待的服务质量。Abstract: From the perspective of national park management, this study explores how the policy of outsourcing the operation of B&Bs can meet tourists′ accommodation needs while simultaneously contributing to the preservation of rural landscapes, promoting local economic development, and easing the conflict between the national park′s restrictive land-use policies and the expectations of local residents by conducting a case study research into Kinmen National Park. The data collected from the case study were used to analyze the way in which the institutional arrangement of tourism planning can positively affect landscape preservation. The outsourcing policy of B&Bs also offers resettlement alternatives for relocated residents, aligning with the unique national context of China. It seeks to balance recreational demands within the national park, safeguard residents′ livelihoods, and cultivate an ecotourism industry. The case study focuses on Kinmen National Park in Taiwan Province. Following the establishment of the park, the preservation of traditional architecture and villages became a key policy goal. The Kinmen National Park Headquarters encouraged residents to transfer the use rights of their buildings to the park authority for a period of 30 years. The park would then invest in renovating the buildings into B&Bs and subsequently outsource their operation to individuals through an open bidding process, creating a B&Bs cluster within the villages. This study adopts a longitudinal research approach using one-on-one interviews and direct observation, starting in 2009 and continuing to the present. The findings indicate that: (1) B&Bs can serve as an effective landscape preservation strategy; (2) B&Bs can help reconcile the conflict between conservation and development; (3) B&Bs can attract leading talents in the service sector; and (4) B&Bs can improve the overall service quality of local hospitality industry. Therefore, it is a successful case of innovation in managing National Park Service landscape, hospitality services, and community-based tourism.