Progress, challenges, and solutions in spatial optimization and conservation effectiveness enhancement of protected areas

The establishment of protected area system is a critical measure to address the global biodiversity crisis. However, challenges such as unclear conservation targets, suboptimal spatial arrangements, and insufficient protection effectiveness persist. Research on evaluating protection effectiveness and optimizing spatial arrangements in protected areas holds great significance. Based on a review of current advancements in survey and monitoring, spatial optimization, and effectiveness evaluation and enhancement technologies, this paper emphasizes focusing on developing assessment methods for wildlife species, ecosystems, and natural relics and landscapes using big data and artificial intelligence. Key area identification techniques should be prioritized to reveal the spatial characteristics and interrelationships of conservation targets. Moreover, constructing multi-objective collaborative spatial layout and optimization methods for nature reserves is essential to create multi-level spatial optimization plans. It is also recommended to establishing a systematic and scientific effectiveness evaluation framework tailored to different types of protected areas, such as national parks, nature reserves, and nature parks. By developing an integrated "survey-monitoring-assessment-management" pathway for enhancing protection effectiveness, this study aims to provide technological support for building a protected area system with national parks as the mainstay.