The positioning and development pathways of ecotourism in China′s national parks

National parks are key carriers for advancing ecological civilization in China. Ecotourism plays a key role in achieving effective large-scale conservation through moderate and controlled utilization of smaller areas. This study highlights ecotourism as an essential function of national parks, representing an optimal model for delivering public services and showcasing ecological civilization practices. It examines the significant contributions of ecotourism to implementing ecological civilization principles, embodying public welfare, balancing conservation and development, and promoting green, low-carbon economic growth. In response to challenges such as conflicts between conservation and development, mismatches in demand and supply, and spatial management constraints, the study proposes development pathways for ecotourism in China′s national parks. Key measures include assessing the basic conditions of national parks, scientifically delineating activity areas, establishing positive and negative activity lists, building ecologically compatible public service systems, promoting ecological experiences and nature education, enforcing limits on resource and environmental capacity, fostering positive community engagement, strengthening the support of technological talent and operational innovation. These strategies aim to provide theoretical and practical guidance for the high-quality development of ecotourism in national parks.